**Lesson Plan: Earth’s External Processes and Landform Development (Action of Running Water)**
**Grade Level**: Senior Secondary 2
**Subject**: Geography
**Duration**: 90 minutes
**Learning Objectives:**
1. **Understand** how running water contributes to landform development.
2. **Identify** various landforms created by the action of running water.
3. **Analyze** the processes involved in the erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediments by running water.
4. **Evaluate** human impact on fluvial processes and landforms.
**Materials Needed:**
- Whiteboard/Chalkboard
- Projector and computer with internet access
- PowerPoint slides
- World map
- Worksheets for group activities
- Model or images of different landforms
- Videos showing erosion and landform development
- Field trip permission slips (for follow-up activity)
- Textbooks and supplementary reading materials
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**Lesson Outline:**
### Introduction (10 minutes)
1. **Greeting and Roll Call**.
2. Provide a brief overview of the day's topic: "Earth’s External Processes and Landform Development through the Action of Running Water".
3. Engage students with an introductory question: "Have you ever wondered how rivers carve out valleys or create deltas?"
### Direct Instruction (20 minutes)
1. **Explain the Processes Involved**:
- **Erosion**: The wearing away of the earth's surface by running water. Detail how water flow picks up and transports sediments.
- **Transportation**: How sediments move downstream, including traction, saltation, suspension, and solution.
- **Deposition**: Where and how sediments are laid down when the water's velocity decreases.
2. **Show a Short Video** illustrating these processes in action.
### Discussion and Q&A (10 minutes)
1. Open the floor for questions regarding the video and explanations.
2. Discuss the role of gradient, volume of water, and sediment type on erosion and deposition.
### Group Activity (20 minutes)
1. **Divide students into small groups** (3-4 members).
2. Hand out worksheets with specific questions related to different fluvial landforms: valleys, floodplains, deltas, meanders, and oxbow lakes. Include diagrams for labeling activities.
3. Ask groups to **select one landform** and describe how running water contributes to its development.
### Presentations (15 minutes)
1. Each group presents their findings to the class.
2. Encourage peer feedback and additional questions on each presentation.
### Individual Activity (10 minutes)
1. Distribute a **worksheet** with different real-world map samples showing various rivers and their associated landforms.
2. Ask students to identify and label each landform and describe the processes involved in their formation.
### Reflection and Assessment (5 minutes)
1. Quick interactive quiz using Kahoot or a similar platform to review key concepts.
2. Assign homework:
- Read the next chapter in the textbook related to human influences on river processes and landform stabilization.
- Prepare a short essay or sketch on a local river and the landforms it has created.
### Closure (10 minutes)
1. Summarize the key points covered during the lesson.
2. Provide field trip information if the class will be visiting a local river or floodplain to observe running water and its effects on landforms firsthand.
3. Thank the students for their participation and encourage continued curiosity in geography.
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**Follow-Up Activities:**
1. **Field Trip**: Organize a visit to a local river or stream to observe running water and identify various landforms.
2. **Extended Project**: Have students develop research projects on famous rivers around the world and their significant landforms.
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**Assessment:**
1. Group Activity Presentation
2. Worksheet Completion
3. Quiz Results
4. Homework Essay/Sketch
**Differentiation Strategies:**
- Provide additional visual aids and real-life examples for students who need more support.
- Allow advanced students to delve deeper into research by exploring case studies of significant rivers and their impacts on human settlements.
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**Resources:**
- Textbook: [Insert specific textbook and chapters related to the topic]
- Websites: National Geographic, U.S. Geological Survey, BBC Earth
- Videos: "Rivers and Landforms" documentary, available on YouTube or educational platforms
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**Notes for Educators:**
- Be prepared to adapt the lesson to accommodate different learning styles and paces.
- Encourage students to think critically about human impacts on river systems and the environment.
- Collaborate with science teachers for an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, if possible.